Alle idi di marzo del 2012 A.D. Carlo Ereditato, direttore scientifico dell’esperimento Opera, condotto tra il CERN di Ginevra e i laboratori sotterranei del Gran Sasso, decide di dimettersi a seguito delle polemiche scaturite dalla divulgazione della scoperta di neutrini superluminali, successivamente smentita dalla scoperta di errori sistematici di misurazione causati da difetti meccanici delle strumentazioni.
L’analogo esperimento ICARUS, condotto dal premio Nobel Carlo Rubbia, ha “rivisto al ribasso” il vantaggio (presunto) dei neutrini sulla luce passando da circa 60 ns a 0,3 ns +- 4ns +- 9ns di incertezza sulla misurazione del “tempo di volo” (1 ns = 1 nano secondo = 10^-9 sec).
La dichiarazione ufficiale del portavoce di ICARUS è stata : “La velocità dei neutrini è compatibile con quella della luce”.
Marius chiede, comunque, che a Ereditato si conceda l’onore delle armi.
Cosa vuol dire, infatti, “La velocità dei neutrini è compatibile con quella della luce” ?
E’ maggiore, uguale, inferiore ?
La massa a riposo del neutrino è stimata attorno agli 0,05 eV/c^2. La Relatività Speciale impedisce a qualsiasi particella massiva di eguagliare la velocità della luce nel vuoto. La massa/energia (E = mc^2) “a riposo” di una particella massiva accelerata, infatti, aumenta secondo il fattore di Lorenz che, al tendere della velocità della particella u a quella della luce c, diverge, tendendo asintoticamente all’infinito.
Essendo stato misurato uno scarto temporale avente ordine di grandezza pari al miliardesimo di secondo (10^-9 sec) su un “tempo di volo” avente ordine di grandezza pari ai millesimi di secondo, il tempo di volo dovrebbe essere stato misurato con una precisione spinta almeno fino alla nona cifra dopo la virgola (0,00x.xxx.xxx sec).
Purtroppo, pero’, con le attuali tecnologie disponibili (triangolazioni satellitari GPS), la misurazione delle distanze ha, invece, una precisione incommensurabilmente inferiore (al piu’ una ventina di cm). Poiche', pero’, lo scarto sul tempo di volo a vantaggio dei neutrini è stato valutato per una parte su un miliardo, il rapporto tra i valori quadrati della velocità dei neutrini u e della luce c (il fattore beta che compare al denominatore della formula che esprime il fattore di Lorenz), andrebbe fatto esprimendo le due velocità almeno in nano metri su nano secondi, ossia con nove cifre decimali dopo la virgola, in maniera da ottenere l’effettivo valore della massa/energia relativistica (o “apparente”) dei neutrini e, soprattutto, delle particelle cariche che li hanno generati.
Lo scarto temporale di ICARUS di “soli” 0,3 ns +- 4ns +- 9ns (peraltro ancora “a favore” dei neutrini), lascia ancora una grossa alea di incertezza su quanto i neutrini si siano avvicinati alla velocità della luce (volendo lasciare “intonsa” la RS che impone che tale velocità sia comunque inferiore).
La questione non è di “lana caprina”, ma di merito.
Se i neutrini, infatti, avessero una velocità molto prossima a quella della luce avrebbero una massa apparente tendente rapidamente a divergere, essendo la curva del fattore di Lorenz ripidissima per valori del rapporto u^2/c^2 tendenti all’unità.
Costruendo la curva del fattore di Lorenz per punti si osserva che, posto ad esempio c = 300.000.000,000.000.000 m/sec e u = 299.999.999,000 m/sec, gamma vale 387.298,310 che moltiplicato per la massa a riposo stimata del neutrino vale 19.364,916 eV/c^2. Per u = 299.999.999,999.990.000, m = 193.404,531 eV/c^2. Per u = 299.999.999,999.000, m = 607.575 eV/c^2 e cosi’ via.
Di quanto, allora, una particella elementare massiva accelerata puo' anche solo avvicinarsi alla velocità della luce senza che la sua massa/energia relativistica aumenti in maniera incompatibile con le leggi fisiche note ?
I neutrini vengono prodotti accelerando in un ciclotrone, tramite campi magnetici, fasci di protoni che, impattando contro bersagli fissi, generano fasci di pioni che “decadono” in muoni. Questi e, successivamente, i loro “prodotti di decadimento”, ossia i neutrini, vengono in seguito indirizzati, con opportuna inclinazione (circa 3,26 °), che tiene conto della curvatura della superficie terrestre, verso i rilevatori posti a 730 km di distanza. Se, quindi, ai neutrini viene impressa un’accelerazione tale da eguagliare (quasi) la velocità della luce, i protoni che li hanno generati e i successivi prodotti di reazione (pioni e muoni carichi) dovrebbero emettere radiazione di sincrotrone.
Nulla di tutto cio’.
Riassumendo :
1. Particelle massive viaggiano a velocità molto prossime a quelle della luce ma, seppur di poco, inferiore.
2. Le stesse particelle, fino a prova contraria, vengono rilevate prima di quando sarebbe stato rilevato un fascio di fotoni lungo lo stesso (?) percorso teorico nel vuoto.
3. La velocità dei neutrini non puo’, comunque essere stata troppo prossima alla velocità della luce perche’ i valori teorici delle masse apparenti delle particelle che li generano sarebbero superiori a quelli rilevati sperimentalmente.
E allora ?
La MT fornisce una possibile spiegazione.
Stefano Gusman
mercoledì 4 aprile 2012
The "Opera phantom"
The Ides of March of 2012 A.D. Carlo Ereditato, scientific director of the Opera experiment conducted between CERN and Gran Sasso underground laboratory, decided to resign as part of the controversy arising from the disclosure of superluminal neutrinos, subsequently disproved by the discovery of systematic measurement errors caused by defects of mechanical instrumentation.
The same ICARUS experiment, led by Nobel Prize Carlo Rubbia, has "revised down" the neutrinos advantage (allegedly) over the light from about 60 ns to 0.3 ns + - 4ns +- 9ns of uncertainty on the measurement of "time flight "(1 ns = 1 nano second = 10 ^ -9 sec).The official statement of the spokesman of ICARUS was: "Neutrinos speed is compatible with the light one."
However Marius asks for Ereditato honors of war.
What does it mean, in fact, "Neutrinos speed is compatible with the light one." ? Greater, equal, less?
Neutrino rest mass is estimated around 0.05 eV/c^2. Special Relativity prevents any particle mass to match the light speed. Infact rest mass/energy (E=mc^2) of an accelerated massive particle increases with the Lorenz factor that, at stretching of particle speed “u” to that of light c, diverges, tending asymptotically to infinity.Having been measured a temporal difference having order of magnitude equal to the billionth of a second (10 ^ -9 sec) on a "time of flight" having a magnitude equal to thousandths of a second, the flight time should have been measured with an accuracy until the ninth digit after the decimal point (0.00 sec x.xxx.xxx) at least.Unfortunately, 'with existing available technology (satellite triangulation GPS), measuring distances has immeasurably less precision (the most' twenty cm). But since the gap on the flight time for neutrinos benefit was evaluated for a part in a billion, the ratio between the values of the neutrinos and light speed squares (the “beta” in the denominator of the Lorenz formula), should be done by expressing the two speeds in nano meters on nano seconds at least, which is nine decimal digits after the decimal point, so as to obtain a realistic value of the relativistic (or "apparent") neutrinos mass/energy and, above all, of the charged particles generated them in the accelerators.The delay of Icarus "only" 0.3 ns +-4ns +- 9ns (though still "in favor" of neutrinos), still leaves a large randomness of uncertainty about what the neutrinos have approached the speed of light (if you wish leave it "untouched" the RS that means that the speed is still below).The question is not "futile", but of merit.Infact if neutrinos had a speed closest to the light one would have an apparent mass tending rapidly to diverge, being the curve of the Lorenz factor steep for values of the ratio u2 /c^2 tending to unity.Constructing the Lorenz factor curve by point, is observed that, placed, for example c = 300.000.000,000.000.000 m/sec and u = 299.999.999,000 m/sec, range applies 387.298,310 which multiplied by the estimated neutrino rest mass is 19.364,916 eV/c^2. For u = 299.999.999,999.990.000, m = 193.404,531 eV/c^2. For u = 299.999.999,999.000, m = 607.575 eV/c^2, and so on.How much, then, an accelerated massive elementary particle can come close to the light speed without increasing its relativistic mass/energy in a inconsistent way with the known physics laws?Neutrinos are produced in a cyclotron accelerating, via magnetic fields, protons beams impacting against fixed targets, which produce pions beams "decading" into muons. These and, subsequently, their "decay products", neutrinos, are subsequently addressed, with appropriate inclination (about 3.26 °), which takes into account the Earth's surface curvature, towards detectors placed 730 km away. Therefore, if to neutrinos is impressed such an acceleration to come closest to light speed, the protons and the subsequent reaction products that generate them (pions and muons) should issue synchrotron radiation.
None of this.
In summary:
1. Massive particles travel with closest speed to that of the light but, albeit slightly, lower.
2. The particles themselves, until proven otherwise, will be detected earlier than they would have been detected photons beam along the same (?) theoretical journey into vacuum space.
3. However neutrinos speed can not 'have been too much close to light speed cause the theoretical values of the apparent masses of the particles that create them are higher than those observed experimentally.
So what?
The MT provides a possible explanation.
Stefano Gusman
The same ICARUS experiment, led by Nobel Prize Carlo Rubbia, has "revised down" the neutrinos advantage (allegedly) over the light from about 60 ns to 0.3 ns + - 4ns +- 9ns of uncertainty on the measurement of "time flight "(1 ns = 1 nano second = 10 ^ -9 sec).The official statement of the spokesman of ICARUS was: "Neutrinos speed is compatible with the light one."
However Marius asks for Ereditato honors of war.
What does it mean, in fact, "Neutrinos speed is compatible with the light one." ? Greater, equal, less?
Neutrino rest mass is estimated around 0.05 eV/c^2. Special Relativity prevents any particle mass to match the light speed. Infact rest mass/energy (E=mc^2) of an accelerated massive particle increases with the Lorenz factor that, at stretching of particle speed “u” to that of light c, diverges, tending asymptotically to infinity.Having been measured a temporal difference having order of magnitude equal to the billionth of a second (10 ^ -9 sec) on a "time of flight" having a magnitude equal to thousandths of a second, the flight time should have been measured with an accuracy until the ninth digit after the decimal point (0.00 sec x.xxx.xxx) at least.Unfortunately, 'with existing available technology (satellite triangulation GPS), measuring distances has immeasurably less precision (the most' twenty cm). But since the gap on the flight time for neutrinos benefit was evaluated for a part in a billion, the ratio between the values of the neutrinos and light speed squares (the “beta” in the denominator of the Lorenz formula), should be done by expressing the two speeds in nano meters on nano seconds at least, which is nine decimal digits after the decimal point, so as to obtain a realistic value of the relativistic (or "apparent") neutrinos mass/energy and, above all, of the charged particles generated them in the accelerators.The delay of Icarus "only" 0.3 ns +-4ns +- 9ns (though still "in favor" of neutrinos), still leaves a large randomness of uncertainty about what the neutrinos have approached the speed of light (if you wish leave it "untouched" the RS that means that the speed is still below).The question is not "futile", but of merit.Infact if neutrinos had a speed closest to the light one would have an apparent mass tending rapidly to diverge, being the curve of the Lorenz factor steep for values of the ratio u2 /c^2 tending to unity.Constructing the Lorenz factor curve by point, is observed that, placed, for example c = 300.000.000,000.000.000 m/sec and u = 299.999.999,000 m/sec, range applies 387.298,310 which multiplied by the estimated neutrino rest mass is 19.364,916 eV/c^2. For u = 299.999.999,999.990.000, m = 193.404,531 eV/c^2. For u = 299.999.999,999.000, m = 607.575 eV/c^2, and so on.How much, then, an accelerated massive elementary particle can come close to the light speed without increasing its relativistic mass/energy in a inconsistent way with the known physics laws?Neutrinos are produced in a cyclotron accelerating, via magnetic fields, protons beams impacting against fixed targets, which produce pions beams "decading" into muons. These and, subsequently, their "decay products", neutrinos, are subsequently addressed, with appropriate inclination (about 3.26 °), which takes into account the Earth's surface curvature, towards detectors placed 730 km away. Therefore, if to neutrinos is impressed such an acceleration to come closest to light speed, the protons and the subsequent reaction products that generate them (pions and muons) should issue synchrotron radiation.
None of this.
In summary:
1. Massive particles travel with closest speed to that of the light but, albeit slightly, lower.
2. The particles themselves, until proven otherwise, will be detected earlier than they would have been detected photons beam along the same (?) theoretical journey into vacuum space.
3. However neutrinos speed can not 'have been too much close to light speed cause the theoretical values of the apparent masses of the particles that create them are higher than those observed experimentally.
So what?
The MT provides a possible explanation.
Stefano Gusman
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