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Why a blog in topic with gravity nature ? Because Marius and I think that it is the mother of all the unanswered questions in cosmology.
In the blog we present a “non conventional” gravitational theory based on classic mechanical principles, on the model of that one theorized by Georges Louis Le Sage
in the half of XVIII century. Particularly, as we’ll see in the next articles, turns out basic the concept of gravity as a compressing force. The goal is to substitute the "unnatural" concepts of "remote action" or space time curvature with a less "metaphysical" model.
In the theory gravitational waves, thought by General Relativity as space time perturbations, are pressing waves of electromagnetic nature in an euclideus three dimensional space. The appearing of reciprocal attraction between two masses in reality turns out to be a simple effect of mutual shield from the waves given by the masses with consequent “decompression” of the surfaces and relative tidal effects.
Earth and Moon, for example, are both subject to a gravitational flow directed towards their internal. The flow is made up by perturbation created by their masses in a space set up by sinusoidal transversal and symmetrical waves that generate, by interference, stationary ones. The first waves, no more balanced, spreads from external to internal of the masses. The flow is proportional to the matter density. Consequently to the "shielding effect" Moon tends to be pushed towards Earth and vice versa. The orbital motion re balances the system.
Interferometers try to detect here on the Earth the waves generated by far highly perturbed systems as those ones of supermassive celestial bodies. Really the same waves would be present also in weakly perturbed systems as the Earth - Moon one. The reason for which these systems are not taken in consideration is that the gravitational “signal” would be too much weak. Moreover anomalies of trajectories of extrasolar space probes Pioneer suggest that effective intensity and range of action of gravitational waves are, probably, bigger than the theoretical ones. Then, if really gravitational waves would be pressing waves, at their passing everything (interferometers including), would be affected by an elastic deformation with the result that, from the “before” to the “after” of the passage, for the instrument wouldn't be any difference. This is the reason for which, for this kind of waves, could be much useful an high sensitive seismograph mounted on gimbals and placed in orbit (for example on SSI), so as not detect the Earth's microseismic events.
Stefano Gusman
Perché un blog “tematico” sulla natura della forza di gravità ? Perché io e Marius pensiamo che sia la madre di tutte le domande senza risposta della fisica cosmologica. Nel blog presentiamo una teoria della gravitazione “non convenzionale” basata su principi meccanici classici, sul modello di quella teorizzata da Georges Louis Le Sage alla metà del XVIII secolo.
In particolare, come si vedrà nei successivi articoli, risulta basilare il concetto di gravità intesa come forza compressiva.
L'obiettivo è quello di sostituire i "controintutivi" concetti di azione "a distanza" o curvatura dello spazio tempo, con un modello meno "metafisico"
Nella teoria le onde gravitazionali, intese dalla Relatività Generale quali perturbazioni dello spazio – tempo, sono onde di pressione di natura elettromagnetica di un normale spazio tridimensionale.
L’effetto di reciproca attrazione tra due masse risulta, in realtà, essere un semplice effetto di mutua “schermatura” dalle onde con conseguente “decompressione” delle superfici affacciate e relativi effetti mareali.
Terra e Luna, per esempio, sono entrambe soggette a un flusso gravitazionale diretto verso il loro interno. Il flusso è originato dalla perturbazione creata dalle loro masse in uno spazio costituito da onde sinusoidali trasversali simmetriche che generano, per interferenza, onde stazionarie. Le prime, non piu’equilibrate, si propagano dall’esterno verso l’interno delle masse. Il flusso è proporzionale alla densità di massa. Conseguentemente all'effetto di schermatura, la Luna tende ad essere spinta verso la Terra e viceversa. Il moto orbitale riequilibra il sistema. La Luna, schermando parte della forza comprimente e causando una decompressione sulla terra, genera l’effetto di marea.
Gli interferometri cercano di rilevare le onde gravitazionali generate da sistemi estremamente lontani e altamente perturbati. In realtà le stesse onde dovrebbero essere presenti anche in sistemi debolmente perturbati come quello Terra – Luna. Il motivo per cui tali sistemi non vengono presi in considerazione è che il “segnale” gravitazionale sarebbe molto debole. Peraltro le anomalie rilevate nelle traiettorie delle sonde extrasolari Pioneer suggeriscono che l’intensità e il raggio di azione delle onde gravitazionali sono, probabilmente, maggiori di quelle teoriche.
Se, quindi, le onde gravitazionali fossero effettivamente onde di pressione al loro passaggio ogni cosa (interferometri compresi) subirebbe una deformazione elastica con il risultato che tra il prima e il dopo il passaggio per lo strumento non vi sarebbe alcuna differenza. Un sismografo ad altissima sensibilità, montato su sistema cardanico e piazzato in orbita, (ad es sulla SSI), in maniera da non rilevare la microsismicità terrestre, potrebbe essere il sistema adatto a rilevare tale tipo di onde.
Stefano Gusman
L’esperimento “Alice” , programmato nell’ambito delle attività del Large Hadron Collider, prevede la collisione fra nuclei di atomi pesanti (Piombo) per rilevare un plasma di quark e gluoni. Nell’accezione comune del termine un plasma è uno stato della materia, elettricamente neutro nel suo complesso, costituito da elettroni e ioni, ma in questo caso la carica complessiva sarebbe quella fornita dalle cariche frazionarie, positive e negative, dei quark. La maniera di manifestarsi di tale plasma dovrebbe essere uno spettro di emissione continuo.
Nel modello atomico di Shroedinger la carica elettrica negativa dell’elettrone è dispersa in una “nuvola” di probabilità attorno al nucleo, in accordo con la doppia natura corpuscolare-ondulatoria dell’elettrone. Sarebbe allora lecito supporre che anche la carica elettrica positiva possa essere trasportata da un’onda, soprattutto in un plasma. Non ci sarebbe, allora, una netta linea di demarcazione fra due quark, fra un quark e un gluone, fra un protone e un elettrone. Un quark sarebbe costituito da onde ad altissima frequenza e confinato da uno spazio oscillante a frequenze ancora superiori. Si ipotizzi uno spazio costituito da onde trasversali sinusoidali con uguali ampiezza e frequenza, simmetricamente polarizzate che si propagano con velocità uguali e opposte. Tali onde potrebbero essere assimilate ai campi elettrico e magnetico di una radiazione, ma la spinta sarebbe equivalente a quella che si propaga su una corda. D’altronde le onde elettromagnetiche trasportano quantità di moto e momento angolare. Tali onde genererebbero per interferenza onde stazionarie, senza propagazione di energia, ma soltanto presenza di energia potenziale tanto piu’ elevata quanto maggiore fosse la frequenza.
Quando una massa dovesse rompere questa simmetria dello spazio oscillante alcuni treni d’onda comincerebbero a propagarsi creando una pressione sulla superficie della massa stessa. Per ovvie ragioni due masse sarebbero spinte l’una verso l’altra. Questa potrebbe essere una possibile spiegazione dell’effetto Casimir e dell’energia “di punto zero”. La struttura “fine” della materia sarebbe uno spazio caratterizzato da un’energia “specifica” espressa in Joule/m^3 (che non per caso sono le dimensioni anche di una pressione espressa in Pascal), proporzionale alla frequenza delle oscillazioni. In questo tipo di spazio un quark sarebbe inevitabilmente compresso e due quark fortemente compressi l’uno contro l’altro, dando ragione delle interazioni nucleari “forti” previste dal modello standard. Per non collassare il quark deve opporre una sufficiente quantità di energia cinetica fornita dalle oscillazioni interne.
La rottura dei componenti del nucleo atomico porebbe rompere anche questi equilibri per cui da un lato si avrebbe il rilascio dell’energia interna dei quark non piu’ confinata, come avviene per il rilascio di una molla compressa e dall’altro si avrebbe un flusso di onde di energia diretto verso lo spazio lasciato libero dai quark, con la possibile creazione di mini buchi neri che, rapidamente, evaporerebbero (emetterebbero, cioe’, la cosiddetta radiazione di Hawking , in quanto accumulerebbero molta energia in un volume ristretto e dovrebbero rilasciarne una parte per ristabilire l’equilibrio con lo spazio circostante.
Anche nel modello standard avremmo, cosi’, un reale continuo fisico come quello inizialmente pensato da Einstein per la sua teoria gravitazionale. Il campo di Higgs sarebbe equivalente al campo gravitazionale, ma senza bosoni, bensì con un solo tipo di materia oscillante a frequenze differenti, in accordo con il principio di indeterminazione di Heisemberg che impedisce di stabilire con precisione la posizione e la quantità di moto di una particella elementare. Non esisterebbe, quindi, alcuna singolarità, ma solo un normale spazio elastico tridimensionale in grado di espandersi o contrarsi a seconda delle necessità.
Nel 1936 il fisico Carl D. Anderson, alle prese con i raggi cosmici in cerca di tutt'altro, scoprì per caso il muone e subito dopo esclamò: "e questo qui, chi l'ha ordinato?" Quando i livelli di energia raggiunti in LHC saranno sufficientemente elevati le particelle rivelate dagli impatti saranno sempre piu' numerose e i fisici avranno sempre piu' difficoltà a trovare nuovi nomi da attribuirgli e sicuramente a qualcuno di loro sfuggirà un " e questi qui chi li ha ordinati ?". Alla fine, le particelle potrebbero non essere piu' distinguibili dal plasma di energia in cui fossero immerse (oppure non ci saranno abbastanza nomi astrusi da inventare).
Marius ed io pensiamo, invece, che Alice fornirà indizi utili a definire la reale struttura fine dello spazio fisico che un tempo era chiamato etere.
Stefano Gusman
The “Alice” experiment, projected in Large Hadron Collider, involves the collision between heavy nucleus (Pb) to detect a quark – gluon plasma. In the common meaning the plasma is a state of matter, electrically neutral, composed by electrons and ions, but in this case the total charge would be made up by the fractional charges, positive and negative, of the quarks. The main of this plasma to show itself would have to be a continuous spectre of emission.
In the Shroedinger’s atomic model the position of electronic negative charge around the nucleus is scattered in a “cloud” of probability, in agreement with its double nature, point/bullet – wave. So if the electric negative charge can be a wave the positive one could be a wave too aboveall in a plasma. Then there wouldn’t be a definied boundary between two quarks or a quark and a gluon, and so between proton and electron. A quark would be made up by waves with highest frequency and confined by a swinging space with higher frequency to retain them.
Let’s suppose a space set up by transversal sinusoidal waves with same frequency and size, simmetrically polarized, propagating with equals and opposite speed. These ones could be like the fields B and E of electromagnetism, but the thrust would be equivalent to the one that spreads on a cord. Otherwise e.m. waves transport motion quantity and angular moment. Interfering these waves would create stationary ones, without propagation of energy, but only potential one, as bigger as higher the frequency. When a mass would break this simmetry some train of waves would start to propagate and would create a radiant pressure on the mass surface. With obvious considerations two masses would be pushed one towards the other. This would be a possibile explanation of Casimir effect and “zero point” energy. The fine structure of matter could be an “energetic” space characterized by a specific energy, expressed in Joule /m^3 (that are, not for the chance, the dimensions of a pressure expressed in Pascal), proportional to the frequency of oscillations. In this kind of space a mass like a quark would be comprexed on its surface and two quarks pushed one towards the other like happens with "strong nuclear interaction" of standard model.To not collapse the quark would contain a sufficient kinetic energy given by internal waves too.
The break of atomic components of the nucleus would break this balance too so, by one side there would be a release of the internal energy of the quarks like in comprexed springs, by the other side trains of waves would spread towards the spaces leaved by the quarks in possible mini black holes that would quickly evaporate giving out Hawking’s radiation because would accumulate much energy in a little space and would have to release a share of it to re-establish the balance with the surrounding space.
So we should have also in the Standard Model a real "continuum" like Einstein thought, in a first time, for his gravitational theory.
The Higg’s field would be the same thing then the gravity field, without bosons but only one kind of matter swinging in different frequencies, in agreement with Heisemberg’s principle that forbid to locate with precision the position and the motion quantity of a particle. There wouldn’t be any singularity, but a normal 3d elastic space able to expand or contract itself in chance of need.
In 1936 physicist Carl D. Anderson, while he was working with cosmic rays looking for quite another thing, discovered, for the chance, the muon and soon after said : "who's booked this one?". When LHC will achieve sufficient energy particles detected by impacts will be more and more numerous and physicists will be in trouble to name them and sure someone of them would say : "who's booked these ones?". At the end particles could be no more visible separated from energetic plasma in wich they would be contained (otherwise there will be not enough strange names).
Marius and I think that Alice will give a sign of the real fine structure of physical space that one time was called aether.
Stefano Gusman
In General Relativity space time is curved by matter ; so it’s been definitively abandoned the vision of gravity as a force generated by a mass, as for the common thought is.
From elsewhere it’s been created the “dark energy” to justify observations showing galaxies with relative speed growing.
But why the attribute dark ? Because this “substance” can't be observed if not by the effects that it produces. But also an electromagnetic radiation with highest frequency couldn’t show itself to the ordinary instruments of measure. And then why to dislocate this energy where it’s much useful to explain unusual gravitational effects, when it would be much more logic to think it uniformely distributed in all the universe, being probably these unknown effects visible also by an hypothetical observer standing in our Hubble’s horizon ?
E.M. radiation is the only known thing that can apply pressure on a surface in empty space.
I think to a normal 3d space that, in symmetric conditions, is perfectly balanced, being set up by transversal sinusoidal waves, symmetrically polarized, interfering with opposite directions and same speed, size and frequency. These waves would generate standing ones without propagation of energy, but only potential one. We would have, in a normal 3d space, a vibrant frame, but when a mass would break this vacuum symmetry some waves trains could spread transporting motion quantity and angular moment as electromagnetic waves do and causing a radiant pressure on masses surfaces. This phenomenon could exists since from the size of matter “fine structure”, but not instrumentally visible if not when waves length is close to the gamma rays one. Then not sub atomic particles, but only one kind of matter swinging with different frequencies and only one force.
This is a possible explanation of Casimir effect, because in this kind of “energetic space" a mass would be compressed and two masses would be pushed one towards the other.
The same force could explain strong interaction between quarks in atomic nucleus where waves length is smaller, but higher frequency and so energy.
In the same way gravity would be a compressive force and movement of galaxies, stars and planets, as sub atomic particles, would be the result of not compensated Poynting vectors in a kind of “hydrodynamic space".
By the other side a single object with equatorial diameter bigger than, about, 200 Km assumes, not for the chance, a spherical configuration, because the sphere is the geometric volume better balanced by external forces (as a sphere submerged in the water). Probably, in the origin, it was a disorganized quantity of matter that surrounding universe has conformed to the spherical configuration, like a press.
In this kind of space every object “floats or proceeds of rectilinear uniform movement, since an external cause disrupts this state” The external cause could be, for example, a second object that moves a volume of balancing space in analogy with Archimede’s law.
As in mechanical sciences, when the polygon of forces is not closed, the two objects are pushed one towards the other and not collide only if they have sufficient motion quantity to balance the thrust of surrounding space.
The orbital motion would be the consequence of the system rebalancing like electron around atomic nucleus does.
I propose some simple and much approximated gravitational models for some internal planets of solar system and Iupiter, to better explain these concepts.
Let’s considerate the system Earth – Sun and suppose to send away Earth from “Roche’s limit ray” of the Sun (the minimum orbital ray that Earth could have had in the past without be destroyed by gravity of the sun), since to the actual orbit.
Dates available are the following ones :
• MT : Earth’s mass = 5,976 x 10^24Kg ;
• RS : Sun’s equatorial ray = 700.000 km = 700.000.000 m ;
• MS : Sun’s mass nearly 330.000 MT = 1,97 x 10^30Kg ;
• G : universal gravitational constant = 6,67259 x 10-11 m^3 Kg^-1 sec^-2;
• RLim. : Roche’s limit ray = 2,86 x RS nearly 2.000.000.000 m ;
• Rm. : actual medium Earth’s orbital ray = 150.000.000 Km = 150.000.000.000 m ;
• SP : “Planck’s space” = 1,616 x 10^-35m
Supposing Earth’s mass concentrated in a point and dividing the distance Rm. - RLim. in Planck’s spaces (the minimum dimension of a volume that theoretically can contain energy) we obtain : np = Rm. - RLim./ SP = 9,15 x 10^45 that are the quantums of energy aging against the sending away of the Earth from the Sun.
Then radiant energy is : E = np x h x v, with h = 6,626 x 10^-34 Joule sec Planck’s constant and ν frequency of radiation.
The variation of potential energy is : DU = G x MS x MT x (1/ RLim. – 1/ Rm.) = 3,87 x 10^35Joule, so making equal the two terms we obtain v = 6,38 x 10^22 Hz, that is a frequency in the share of spectre of gamma rays.
With the same method let’s try with system Sun – Venus :
• MV : Venus’s mass nearly 81,5 % MT = 4,87 x 10^24Kg ;
• RS : Sun’s equatorial ray = 700.000 km = 700.000.000 m ;
• MS : Sun’s mass nearly 330.000 MT = 1,97 x 10^30Kg ;
• G : universal gravitational constant = 6,67259 x 10-11 m^3 Kg^-1 sec^-2;
• RLim. : Roche’s limit ray = 2,86 x RS nearly 2.000.000.000 m ;
• Rm. : actual medium Venus’s orbital ray nearly 108.000.000 Km = 108.000.000.000 m ;
• SP : “Planck’s space” = 1,616 x 10^-35m
Variation of potential energy is : DU = G x MS x MV x (1/ RLim. – 1/ Rm.) = 3,14 x 10^35 Joule.
Let us divide distance Rm. - RLim. in Planck’s spaces : np = Rm. - RLim./ SP = 6,56 x 10^45.
Then frequency of radiation is v = 7,22 x 10^22 Hz.
Then let’s try with system Sun Mars :
• MM : Mars’s mass nearly 10,74 % MT = 6,42 x 10^23Kg ;
• RS : Sun’s equatorial ray = 700.000 km = 700.000.000 m ;
• MS : Sun’s mass nearly 330.000 MT = 1,97 x 10^30 Kg ;
• G : universal gravitational constant = 6,67259 x 10-11 m^3 Kg^-1 sec^-2;
• RLim. : Roche’s limit ray = 2,86 x RS nearly 2.000.000.000 m ;
• Rm. : actual medium Mars’s orbital ray nearly 230.000.000 Km = 230.000.000.000 m ;
• SP : “Planck’s space” = 1,616 x 10^-35m
Variation of potential energy is : DU = G x MS x MM x (1/ RLim. – 1/ Rm.) = 3,2 x 10^34 Joule.
Let us divide distance Rm. - RLim. in Planck’s spaces : np = Rm. - RLim./ SP = 1,41 x 10^46
In this case frequency is v = 3,42 x 10^21 Hz.
At last let’s analyze system Sun Iupiter. As usual, dates avalaible are :
• MI : Iupiter’s mass nearly 1,90 x 10^27Kg ;
• RS : Sun’s equatorial ray = 700.000 km = 700.000.000 m ;
• MS : Sun’s mass nearly 330.000 MT = 1,97 x 10^30Kg ;
• G : universal gravitational constant = 6,67259 x 10-11 m^3 Kg^-1 sec^-2;
• RLim. : Roche’s limit ray = 2,86 x RS nearly 2.000.000.000 m ;
• Rm. : actual medium Iupiter’s orbital ray nearly 778.330.000 Km = 778.330.000.000 m ;
• SP : “Planck’s space” = 1,616 x 10 ^-35m
Variation of potential energy is : DU = G x MS x MI x (1/ RLim. – 1/ Rm.) = 1,2 x 10^38 Joule.
Let us divide distance Rm. - RLim. in Planck’s spaces : np = Rm. - RLim./ SP = 4,8 x 10^46.
Frequency of radiation is v = 3,77 x 10^24 Hz.
Telescope LAT, on board of Fermi satellite, is able to detect photons from 20 MeV to over 300 GeV, with order of size of frequencies since over 10^25 Hz.
We can resume all this with relation : n h ν = DU with obvious meaning of symbols.
Stefano Gusman
